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within sports medicine, i.e. clinical medicine, orthopaedics, kinesiology, exercise
physiology, biomechanics, athletic training, physical therapy, massage therapy,
sports nutrition, and sports psychology. The term sports injury, in the broadest sense,
refers to the kinds of injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise.
Most such injuries result from accidents, others are due to poor training practices,
improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. All
sports related injuries require specialised care to promote optimum healing. For eve-
rybody involved in sports, trauma to the muscles and joints can limit or prevent their
further participation in these activities. Although virtually any part of the body can be
injured during sports or exercise, the term is usually reserved for injuries that involve
the musculoskeletal system, which includes the muscles, bones, and associated tis-
sues like cartilage. The most common types of sports injuries are: muscle sprains
and strains, tears of the ligaments that hold joints together, tears of the tendons that
support joints and allow them to move, dislocated joints, fractured bones, including
vertebrae. Fortunately, most sports injuries can be treated effectively, and most peo-
ple who suffer from them can return to a satisfying level of physical activity after an
injury. Even better, many sports injuries can be prevented if people take the proper
precautions. The most common methods of treatment include: RICE (rest, ice, com-
pression, elevation usually a starting point in the case of most injuries), administra-
tion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immobilization, surgery (i.e. arthroscopy
- a microsurgical technique often employed to repair joints, traditional reconstructive
surgery - used for musculoskeletal damage), rehabilitation. Therapies used in reha-
bilitation of sports injuries include i.e. electrostimulation, cryotherapy, ultrasound,
massage, thermotherapy, physiotherapy. Depending on the severity of an injury or
the likelihood that it may cause ongoing, long-term problems sports people may need
help of such health professionals as an orthopedic surgeon or a physiotherapist.
1. What does sports medicine deal with?
2. What specialties does sports medicine include?
3. What is a sports injury?
4. Which parts of the body are mostly affected by such injuries?
5. What are the most common types of sports injuries?
6. What are the most common methods of treatment?
7. What therapies does the rehabilitation include?
Exercise 2: Discuss the following points with a partner:
" In which sports are injuries most common? Why? What kind of injuries are
they? How can they be prevented?
40
" Would you like to deal with sportspeople in your future career as a physician?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a job?
" Why is proper nutrition considered so important for sportspeople?
" Have you ever suffered from an injury that resulted from sports activity or ex-
ercise? What happened? What was the treatment like?
" What do you think will change in the future as far as sports injury treatment is
concerned? Share your suggestions / predictions with a partner. Think about:
decline/increased need for surgery, improved rehabilitation techniques, new
imaging methods, better diagnostic methods, tissue engineering, gene ther-
apy, etc.
Exercise 3: Below there are several common tips concerning injury prevention
given by sports physicians. Complete them using the correct words from the box.
tendinitis moderate softest uphill level modify
twisting warm-up pulse land absorption
Tips for Preventing Injury
" Avoid 1)_____________ knees by keeping feet as flat as possible during
stretches.
" When jumping, 2)_____________ with your knees bent.
" Do 3)____________stretches before activity; not just before vigorous ac-
tivities like running, but also before less vigorous ones such as golf.
" Don't overdo.
" Cool down following vigorous sports. For example, after a race, walk or
walk/jog for five minutes so your 4)_____________ comes down gradually.
" Wear properly fitting shoes that provide shock 5)______________ and
stability.
" Use the 6)____________ exercise surface available, and avoid running on
hard surfaces like asphalt and concrete. Run on flat surfaces. Running
7)____________ may increase the stress on the Achilles tendon and the
leg itself.
" Don't pack a week's worth of activity into a day or two. Try to maintain a
8)____________ level of activity throughout the week.
" Learn to do your sport right. Using proper form can reduce your risk of
overuse injuries such as 9)____________ and stress fractures.
" Accept your body's limits. You may not be able to perform at the same
level you did 10 or 20 years ago. 10)____________ activities as neces-
sary.
" Increase your exercise 11)____________ gradually.
Exercise 4: Explain the following terms in English:
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